Unfortunately, not every website on the internet takes security all that seriously and still requires users to sign-up and authenticate with usernames and passwords. More progressive websites have started to allow users to log-in with their existing passwords but tack on a “second factor” authentication such as an SMS/text message code being sent to your phone or an e-mail with a One-Time Password (OTP).
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A key file can be used instead of a password, or in addition to a password (and the Windows user account in KeePass 2.x). A key file can be any file you choose; although you should choose one with lots of random data. A key file must not be modified, this will stop you opening the database. If you want to use a different key file, you can. On this page, you can find the list of file extensions associated with the KeePass application. There are currently 6 filename extension(s) associated with the KeePass application in our database. KeePass is capable of opening the file types listed below. Conversion between the file types listed below is also possible with the help of KeePass.
Inversely, Password Managers solve the problem of having to remember thousands of passwords to different websites but the security of these managers are typically sub-par and often require a single password (“master password”) to access your list of passwords. Talk about putting all of your eggs in one (very insecure) basket.
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Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) digital certificates are the answer. The idea is that you will generate a secure (and lengthy) private key and use that key to encrypt another key and use that final key as your “password” to unlock your password manager. On top of that security, you should also be able to provide a password that you know to go with it.
I will show you how to protect your KeePass password manager with true Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) using something you have and something you know.
Once you have downloaded the plugin, copy the PLGX file into your KeePass software directory (where your KeePass.exe is located).
If you don’t already have a certificate to use you can generate one using OpenSSL. I outline the steps of creating a new certificate in another article; Securing OpenSSH with WWPass PassKey in Step #1. If you already have a digital certificate (preferably loaded on a Smartcard) then you can skip this step.
You’ve now set up a KeePass database that can only be opened if you provide a correct password and also a digital certificate. Quick and dirty Two-Factor Authentication for your list of passwords. If you need more security you should consider storing your certificates within a secure platform such as a Smartcard or the WWPass PassKey. These allow you to create a private key or import an existing one but from then on your private key will never leave the device again. This is considered an “unextractable” key and is a considerable increase in security as your private key can no longer be stolen through software (viruses, malware, etc…) or physical theft.
I’m currently working (I’m just at the beginning, and I’m quite slow) on a personal project that will use Keepass files (kdb and kdbx).
I tried to find some documentation about .kdb and .kdbx format, but I didn’t find anything, even in the Keepass official website. I you want to know how these file formats are structured, you must read Keepass’s source code. So I wrote this article that explains how Keepass file format are structured, maybe it will help someone.
This article will explained the different fields and headers of kdb and kdbx file formats.
A .kdb or .kdbx file is composed of 2 things :
The header start for both file formats by two 4 bytes fields : the file signatures.
.kdb and .kdbx file formats’ header first have 2 fields of 4 bytes each that are the file signatures (cf KdbxFile.cs of Keepass2 source code).
File Signature 1 (the first field) will always have a value of 0x9AA2D903 .
File Signature 2 (the second field) can have (for now) 3 different value, each value indicating the file format/version :
After these 2 fields, .kdb and .kdbx differ totally : .kdb has fixed number of fields taking a fixed number of bytes in its header, while .kdbx has a TLV list of fields in its header.
Here’s the ordered list of the different fields of the header of a .kdb file, their size and their meaning :
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.kdbx header’s fields are a Type-Length-Value list.
The Type takes 1 byte, the Length takes 2 bytes, and the Value takes Length bytes. Here’s a list of all Types (their integer code, and name) that can be put in the header (for now), their meaning and the “normal” length (the one that you can expect to get, according to KeePass source code, but it could be different, so you should still use the Length field to determine how many bytes you have to read for the Value field) in this format : “Integer_code = (size) Name : Description” :
First, you have to generate the composite key, then transform it to generate the transformed key, then finally use this transformed key to generate the final master key.
The way to generate the composite key differs from KeePass 1 to KeePass 2 because you can use different credentials in those two : in KeePass 1, you can encrypt the database with a passphrase and/or a keyfile (It can be a XML file or in plain text file containing the key. The format of the keyfile won’t be discussed here, see this link), whereas in KeePass 2, you can still encrypt the database with a passphrase and/or a keyfile, but also with Windows User Account.
To generate the composite key for a .kdb file :
NB : I don’t know how Windows User Account is used by KeePass and I’m not that interested in it, so if you need to know, I would recommend to read KeePass 2 source code.
To generate the composite key for a .kdbx file :
This part is the same for .kdb and .kdbx files. In both file format, you should have get from the header :
To generate the final master key, you first need to generate the transformed key :
You now have the final master key, you can finally decrypt the database (the part of the file after the header for .kdb, and after the End of Header field for .kdbx).
NB : if the compression flag was set in the header, you have to unzip the data after decrypting it.
The decrypted data of the database is structured differently if it is a kdb or kdbx file.
If it’s a kdb file, you can directly parse the data as XML, there’s no problem.
If it’s a kdbx file, the data can’t be use directly. The database part of the file first start with 32 bytes, the ones you should compare with the ones in the field “Stream Start Bytes” to check if the final master key generated is correct.
After these 32 bytes, the data is a succession of block (at least two) laid out like :
In the end, Block Data should be hashed and checked with its corresponding Block Hash, then all Block Data should be concatenated ordered by their ID (it should be the same order as the one you read them). After the concatenation, the obtained data should be a XML document.
With kdbx file, you can encrypt a password field in the XML document, before the encryption of all the XML document, so that the password is encrypted twice. To decrypt these password, you have to sequentially look in the XML document for “Value” node with the “Protected” attribute set to “True”.
To decrypt the password, you should use the cipher declared in the “Inner Random Stream ID” field of the header, initiating it with the value of the field “Protected Stream Key” as its key/seed and the fixed IV “0xE830094B97205D2A”.
First you need to pass the password through a base64decode function, then you decrypt the result with the cipher : because the cipher is a stream cipher, you need to XOR the result of the decryption with the result of the base64decode function to obtain the real password.
If I’m wrong somewhere in this article, please let me know so I can correct it.
Sources :